The HPV vaccine

The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine helps prevent several types of cancer.

Rosa: Hi, I'm Rosa. The HPV vaccine helps prevent several kinds of cancer. Let me explain who should get it and when.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a very common virus spread through sexual contact. Most people will get it at some point. Usually the body clears it. But some types can stay in the body and, years later, cause cancer.

HPV can cause cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and the back of the throat. The HPV vaccine protects against the types of HPV that cause most of these cancers.

The vaccine works best when given before a person is ever exposed to HPV. That is why it is recommended for children at age 11 or 12. It can be started as early as age 9. Getting it at a young age does not encourage sexual activity. It simply protects them early.

People who missed the vaccine as children are advised to get it through age 26. Some adults ages 27 to 45 may also benefit. They should talk with their doctor about it.

Advice about how many shots are needed has changed recently, and expert groups do not all agree. Ask your child's doctor or your own doctor how many shots are recommended. The vaccine has been studied in many people over many years and has a strong safety record.

Best age

11 or 12 years old. It can start as early as age 9.

Catch-up

Recommended for everyone through age 26 who did not get it earlier.

Ages 27 to 45

Not routine, but some people may benefit. Talk with your doctor.

For all genders

Boys and girls, men and women can all get HPV-related cancers, so the vaccine is for everyone.

Common side effects

A sore arm, redness where the shot was given, or feeling faint. Sitting for a few minutes afterward helps.

Still get screened

The vaccine does not protect against every type of HPV. People with a cervix should still get cervical screening.

• Check your child's vaccine record at their next checkup.
• Ask how many shots your child needs and when.
• If you are 26 or younger and did not get the vaccine, ask your doctor about it.
• If you are 27 to 45, ask if the vaccine could help you.

Last updated: 2026-10-27. Medically reviewed by Veli Bakalov, MD, medical oncologist (October 2026). General education from Step by Step, the patient portal of HemeOncBuddy.